saya mau sharing bagaimana caranya step by step untuk menginstal Mac OS X LION (10.7) secara CLEAN. Arti “Clean” disini maksudnya adalah melakukan istalasi Mac OS Lion secara natif, tanpa proses upgrading dari Snow Leopard. Disini juga, saya bukannya ingin mengajari untuk menjadi seorang “pirates” tapi hanya sekedar sharing, bagaimana kita bisa menggunakan “LION” yang “registered” tanpa harus bayar $29.99 dari Apps store. Kalau ada yang keberatan, mohon maaf.

1. Anda harus mendonwload Mac OS X Lion dari SINI , ini merupakan link untuk donwload torrent file dari LION (11A511) nya. Apabila anda tidak mengerti bagaimana kinerja torrent, sekilas saya akan jelaskan.
untuk mendownload via torrent:
a. donwnload file dari internet (search di google dengan keyword: utorrent)
b. install seperti biasanya.
c. setelah masuk ke link yang saya sebutkan diatas, klik “Dowload this torrent”
d. setelah selesai donload, maka akan secara otomatis di donload menggunakan utorrent
e. tunggu filenya selesai di donload semuanya (sekitar 3.4GB)

2. Kondisi saat ini, anda sedang menggunakan 1 Drive (yaitu Desktop yang anda gunakan sekarang untuk membaca email ini).
a. Lakukan 3 Partisi (karena 1 partisi adalah yang saat ini, maka anda hanya menambah 2 partisi saja)
masuk ke Application>Utility>Disk Utility
b. buat partisi ke-2 dengan nama “INSTALER” (minimal 10GB) dan partisi ke-3 dengan nama “OS LION”

3. File yang telah anda donload tadi dicek dan lakukan seperti ini:
a. “RIGHT CLICK THE DOWNLOADED LION APP”
b. pilih “SHOW PACKAGE CONTENT”
c. didalam folder “PACKAGE CONTENT” pilih “SharedSupport” dan lihat “InstallESD.dmg”
d. Drag ke desktop anda file “InstallESD”

4. Proses Instalasi:
a. buka disk utility lagi, lalu klik partisi “INSTALER” lalu klik tab RESTORE
b. di Source pilih file image yang ada di desktop anda, yang bernama “InstallESD”
c. isi Destination, drag partisi “INSTALER” lalu klik Restore (ada di bawah destination)
d. setelah selesai, buka “System Preferences”
e. klik “Startup Disk” dan pilih “INSTALER” lalu restart Mac anda.
f. ketika anda sudah booting dan masuk ke system, maka Mac akan bertanya partisi mana yang anda gunakan untuk menginstallnya…maka, anda pilih partisi yang ke-3 dengan nama “OS LION”
g. Install seperti biasa, ikutin instruksinya.

5. Proses akhir
Setelah anda selesai instalasi LION dipartisi ke tiga anda, maka yang anda lakukan adalah dengan menjadikannya menjadi 1 partisi kembali. Caranya:
a. masuk ke “System Preferences” lalu pilih startup bootingnnya ke “OS LION” lalu restart dan akan secara otomatis ke OS Lion
b. copy data2 anda secara manual ke OS baru anda
c. masuk ke “Disk Utility” lalu delete partisi 1 dan partisi 2.

Selamat Mencoba….

Preface

With the standards definitions now available for LTE, the Long Term Evolution of the 3G services, eyes are now turning towards the next development, that of the truly 4G technology named IMT Advanced. The new technology being developed under the auspices of 3GPP to meet these requirements is often termed LTE Advanced.

In order that the cellular telecommunications technology is able to keep pace with technologies that may compete, it is necessary to ensure that new cellular technologies are being formulated and developed. This is the reasoning behind starting the development of the new LTE Advanced systems, proving the technology and developing the LTE Advanced standards.

In order that the correct solution is adopted for the 4G system, the ITU-R (International Telecommunications Union – Radio communications sector) has started its evaluation process to develop the recommendations for the terrestrial components of the IMT Advanced radio interface. One of the main competitors for this is the LTE Advanced solution.

One of the key milestones is October 2010 when the ITU-R decides the framework and key characteristics for the IMT Advanced standard. Before this, the ITU-R will undertake the evaluation of the various proposed radio interface technologies of which LTE Advanced is a major contender.

Key milestones for ITU-R IMT Advanced evaluation

The ITU-R has set a number of milestones to ensure that the evaluation of IMT Advanced technologies occurs in a timely fashion. A summary of the main milestones is given below and this defines many of the overall timescales for the development of IMT Advanced and in this case LTE Advanced as one of the main technologies to be evaluated.

LTE Advanced development history

With 3G technology established, it was obvious that the rate of development of cellular technology should not slow. As a result initial ideas for the development of a new 4G system started to be investigated. In one early investigation which took place on 25 December 2006 with information released to the press on 9 February 2007, NTT DoCoMo detailed information about trials in which they were able to send data at speeds up to approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink within a 100MHz bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 10km/h. The scheme used several technologies to achieve this including variable spreading factor spread orthogonal frequency division multiplex, MIMO, multiple input multiple output, and maximum likelihood detection. Details of these new 4G trials were passed to 3GPP for their consideration

In 2008 3GPP held two workshops on IMT Advanced, where the “Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA” were gathered. The resulting Technical Report 36.913 was then published in June 2008 and submitted to the ITU-R defining the LTE-Advanced system as their proposal for IMT-Advanced.

The development of LTE Advanced / IMT Advanced can be seen to follow and evolution from the 3G services that were developed using UMTS / W-CDMA technology.

LTE Advanced is not the only candidate technology. WiMAX is also there, offering very high data rates and high levels of mobility. However it now seems less likely that WiMAX will be adopted as the 4G technology, with LTE Advanced appearing to be better positioned.

LTE Advanced key features

With work starting on LTE Advanced, a number of key requirements and key features are coming to light. Although not fixed yet in the specifications, there are many high level aims for the new LTE Advanced specification. These will need to be verified and much work remains to be undertaken in the specifications before these are all fixed. Currently some of the main headline aims for LTE Advanced can be seen below:

1.Peak data rates: downlink – 1 Gbps; uplink – 500 Mbps.

2.Spectrum efficiency: 3 times greater than LTE.

3.Peak spectrum efficiency: downlink – 30 bps/Hz; uplink – 15 bps/Hz.

4.Spectrum use: the ability to support scalable bandwidth use and  spectrum aggregation where non-contiguous spectrum needs to be used.

5.Latency: from Idle to Connected in less than 50 ms and then shorter than 5 ms one way for individual packet transmission.

6.Cell edge user throughput to be twice that of LTE.

7.Average user throughput to be 3 times that of LTE.

8.Mobility: Same as that in LTE

9.Compatibility: LTE Advanced shall be capable of interworking with LTE and 3GPP legacy systems.

These are many of the development aims for LTE Advanced. Their actual figures and the actual implementation of them will need to be worked out during the specification stage of the system.

LTE Advanced technologies

There are a number of key technologies that will enable LTE Advanced to achieve the high data throughput rates that are required. MIMO and OFDM are two of the base technologies that will be enablers. Along with these there are a number of other techniques and technologies that will be employed.

OFDM forms the basis of the radio bearer. Along with it there is OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) along with SC-FDMA (Single Channel Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). These will be used in a hybrid format. However the basis for all of these access schemes is OFDM.

Note on OFDM:

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a form of transmission that uses a large number of close spaced carriers that are modulated with low rate data. Normally these signals would be expected to interfere with each other, but by making the signals orthogonal to each another there is no mutual interference. This is achieved by having the carrier spacing equal to the reciprocal of the symbol period. This means that when the signals are demodulated they will have a whole number of cycles in the symbol period and their contribution will sum to zero – in other words there is no interference contribution. The data to be transmitted is split across all the carriers and this means that by using error correction techniques, if some of the carriers are lost due to multi-path effects, then the data can be reconstructed. Additionally having data carried at a low rate across all the carriers means that the effects of reflections and inter-symbol interference can be overcome. It also means that single frequency networks, where all transmitters can transmit on the same channel can be implemented.

One of the other key enablers for LTE Advanced that is common to LTE is MIMO. This scheme is also used by many other technologies including WiMAX and Wi-Fi – 802.11n. MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output enables the data rates achieved to be increased beyond what the basic radio bearer would normally allow.

Note on MIMO:

Two major limitations in communications channels can be multipath interference, and the data throughput limitations as a result of Shannon’s Law. MIMO provides a way of utilising the multiple signal paths that exist between a transmitter and receiver to significantly improve the data throughput available on a given channel with its defined bandwidth. By using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver along with some complex digital signal processing, MIMO technology enables the system to set up multiple data streams on the same channel, thereby increasing the data capacity of a channel.

For LTE Advanced, the use of MIMO is likely to involve further and more advanced techniques with additional antennas in the matrix to enable additional paths to be sued, although as the number of antennas increases, the overhead increases and the return per additional path is less.

In additional to the numbers of antennas increasing, it is likely that techniques such as beamforming may be used to enable the antenna coverage to be focused where it is needed.

With data rates rising well above what was previously available, it will be necessary to ensure that the core network is updated to meet the increasing requirements. It is therefore necessary to further improve the system architecture.

These and other technologies will be used with LTE Advanced to provide the very high data rates that are being sought along wit the other performance characteristics that are needed.

LTE Advanced Summary

The full specification for LTE Advanced the new 4G technology also referred to as IMT Advanced is still some while away. However many of the features and technologies have been trialed and are ready to be incorporated into the standard. Yet despite this it will take many months after the finalization of the standard for LTE Advanced before equipment is available and networks start to be deployed.

Strictly speaking, the BS defined in IEEE 802.16e is a transceiving entity at media access control layer (MAC) or physical layer (PHY). In a specific cellular network structure, a BS entity (base transceiver station, BTS) actually includes multiple MAC and PHY transceiving entities. This is represented in the implementation. For clear description, a BS refers to the minimum unit for handover, a sector, unless otherwise stated in this document.

Figure 1-1 shows the handover scenarios:

When an MS moves, the BSs around it also change. The handover scenarios described herein are distinguished by the location relationship between the target BS and the serving BS in the handover indication message of an MS during the handover action. One site generally manages 1 to 6 BSs. An ASN-GW has a point-to-point physical connection with a BTS. Therefore, handovers can be categorized as intra-GW handover and inter-GW handover. As shown below, when an MS moves, it gradually triggers handover scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4. Scenarios 1 and 2 are intra-GW handover (intra-GW HO). Scenarios 3 and 4 are inter-GW handover (inter-GW HO).

The WASN9770 V200R001 only considers intra-GW handover (scenarios 1 and 2). The subsequent release will support inter-GW handover.

Intra-GW Handover

Intra-GW handover refers to the handover between BSs managed by a same ASN-GW. According to the location of the local BTS of the handover related BSs, Intra-GW can be categorized in two scenarios:

2)      Handover scenario 1 is defined as the handover between different BSs of a same BTS, which mean R1 air interface handover occurs.

This handover occurs between different BSs of a same BTS. When the system determines that an MS should hand over to another BS than the current BS, the MS needs to reestablish the R1 interface with the target BS. This process is not accompanied by the handover or migration of other interfaces (for example, the R6/R4/R3 interface). Once the handover succeeds, the R1 link between the MS and the original serving BS is deleted.

Figure 1-2 Handover scenario 1

2)      Handover scenario 2 is defined as the handover between BSs of different BTSs of a same GW, that is, R1 air interface handover and R6 interface handover occur.

This handover occurs between the BSs of different BTSs in a same ASN-GW. The R6 channel between the serving BS and the ASN-GW is different from that between the target BS and the ASN-GW. When the MS moves to the target BS, it triggers the reestablishment of the R1 air interface link with the target BS. Meantime, the R6 path between the target BS and the anchor GW is established.

When the handover succeeds, the R1 link between the MS and the original serving BS is deleted. Meantime, the R6 path between the original serving BS and the anchor GW is also deleted.

This handover process is not accompanied by the handover or migration of other interfaces (for example, R4/R3 interface).

Figure 1-3 Handover scenario 2

R1 air interface occurs with R6 interface handover.

As shown in Figure 1-3, before the handover, the network side data is carried by the R6 path between the serving BS and the ASN-GW. After the handover, the MS moves to the target BS and the network side data is carried by the R6 path newly established between the target BS and the ASN-GW. Meantime, the original R6 channel between the original serving BS and the ASN-GW is deleted.

Inter-GW Handover

Inter-GW handover refers to the handover between BSs of different ASN-GWs. According to network handover paths, Inter-GW handover can be categorized as follows:

2)      Handover scenario 3 is defined as the handover between BSs of different ASN-GWs. R1 air interface handover and R6 interface handover occur. Meantime, the R4 interface changes.

This handover occurs between BSs managed by adjacent ASN-GWs. When an MS moves to a target BS, if the target BS and the serving BS are managed by respective ASN-GWs, the MS reestablishes a new R1 air interface link with the target BS and the target BS establishes a new R6 data path with the target GW. To ensure that no data is lost and data path change is the smallest when the MS moves, an R4 data path need first be established between the target GW and the Server GW. When the MS is handed over to the target BS, the network side data delivered from the R3 interface is first cached on the serving GW and then delivered to the target GW through the R4 path. The target GW then delivers the network side data to the target BS. The serving GW also serves as the anchor GW to provide data forwarding.

This handover process is not accompanied by R3 interface migration.

Figure 1-4 Handover scenario 3-1

Air interface handover occurs, accompanied by R6 handover and the establishment of an R4 path.

As shown in Figure 1-4, before and after the handover, the handover of air interface link occurs between the MS and the BS, accompanied by the R6 path handover between the BS and the ASN-GW. Before the handover, network side data is carried by the R6 path between the serving BS and the serving GW. After the handover, when the MS moves to the target BS, the network side data is carried by the R6 path newly established between the target BS and the target GW. Meantime, an R4 data path is established between the target GW and the serving GW. The serving GW/anchor GW forwards data to the R4 interface.

Figure 1-5 Handover scenario 3-2

When handover scenario 3-1 is complete, the original serving GW/anchor GW serves as an anchor GW only and the target GW serves as the serving GW. The MS continues moving to the BS managed by another ASN-GW. Assume that there is no R3 interface relocation. Then, the serving GW and the anchor GW are not on the same NE entity. As shown in Figure 1-5, before and after the handover, the air interface link between the MS and the BS changes. Meantime, R6 path handover occurs between the BS and the serving GW. An R4 data path is established between the target GW and the anchor GW. The anchor GW forwards data to the R4 interface. After the handover, the R4 data path between the anchor GW and the serving GW is deleted.

1)      Handover scenario 4 is defined as the handover between BSs of different GWs. R1 air interface handover and R6 interface handover both occur. Meantime, R3 interface relocation occurs.

This handover occurs between the BSs managed by adjacent GWs. If the target BS and the serving BS are managed by respective GWs when an MS moves to a target BS, the MS reestablishes a new R1 air interface link with the target BS and a new R6 data path is established between the target BS and the target GW. The serving GW determines that the R3 interface should relocate to the target GW.

This handover process affects the mobile IP (MIP) function to a large extent. Due to R3 interface relocation, the FA function on the ASN-GW needs to relocate to the target GW and the tunnel between the HA and the foreign agent (FA) is relocated. The MIP tunnel is reestablished between the HA and the target GW FA. Meantime, the change of Care of Address (CoA) triggers a new MIP registration.

Figure 1-5 Handover scenario 3-3

• Teleservices
• Bearer Services

1. Teleservices

Teleservices enable subscribers to communicate with each other. Teleservices consist of speech services, short message services, and fax services.

I. Speech Services

Speech services consist of telephony calls and emergency calls.

• Telephony calls

Telephony calls enable mobile subscribers to communicate with PSTN subscribers, ISDN subscribers, and PLMN subscribers.

• Emergency calls

When a subscriber presses the emergency key or dials the number of an emergency service center, the call is connected to the nearest emergency center. An emergency call can be made without a SIM card. The network operator can decide whether to charge subscribers for such calls.

II. Short Message Services

Short message services (SMS) consists of point-to-point (PP) SMS and point-to-multipoint SMS. Point-to-point SMS consists of short message mobile originated service (MO/PP) and short message mobile terminated service (MT/PP).

Point-to-multipoint service refers to short message cell broadcast service:

• Short message MO/PP

A mobile subscriber sends a short message to a short message center (SMC).

• Short message MT/PP

The SMC sends a short message to a mobile subscriber.

• Short message cell broadcast

III. Fax Services

Fax service allows the connection of group 3 fax apparatus to the mobile stations of GSM PLMN. Fax connection may be set up between the PSTN/ISDN and the GSM PLMN or inside the GSM PLMN. The following two types of faxes are supported:

• Automatic fax group 3

The Teleservice supports fax group 3 automatic call/automatic answer function.

• Alternate speech/fax group 3

When both the speech and fax services are needed, the M900/M1800 MSC/SSP/IP supports the communication of speech followed by fax.

2. Bearer Services

Data communication (especially Internet) has become more and more popular. Data service is a major service provided by GSM operators. Bearer service enables transmission of information between the terminal access reference points. This capability includes some low-layer functions, corresponding to layers 1–3 of the OSI reference model.

According to access modes, bearer services fall into the following categories:

• 3.1 kHz audio

The PSTN provides subscribers with a channel capable of transmitting 3.1 kHz analog speech signals, while in the GSM PLMN, the signals transmitted between the mobile terminals and the networks are all digitized. Therefore, a special audio Modem is needed at the connection point between the GSM PLMN and the PSTN to fulfill this conversion. For the data communication between PLMN subscribers and PSTN subscribers, only 3.1 kHz audio mode can be adopted. While for the data communication between PLMN subscribers and ISDN subscribers, 3.1 kHz audio mode or unrestricted digital information (UDI) mode can be used. This mode supports multiple subscriber data rates at 300 bit/s, 1200 bit/s, 1200/75 bit/s, 2400 bit/s, 4800 bit/s, and 9600 bit/s.

• PAD (Packet assembly/disassembly)

The MSC provides an asynchronous connection to the PAD equipment. This enables PLMN subscribers to access a packet network (PSPDN/ISDN).This mode supports multiple subscriber rates, including 300 bit/s, 1200 bit/s, 1200/75 bit/s, 2400 bit/s, 4800 bit/s, and 9600 bit/s.

• Packet

Basic packet access provides a synchronous connection that enables PLMN subscribers to access a packet network (PSPDN/ISDN). In this case, the mobile subscriber can only be a calling party.This mode supports multiple subscriber rates, including 1200 bit/s, 2400 bit/s, 4800 bit/s, and 9600 bit/s.

According to transmission modes, bearer services fall into the following categories:

• Transparent transmission mode (T-mode)

In T-mode, error correction is completed using the forward error correction mechanism provided by the radio interface transmission scheme. The available throughput and transmission delay is fixed. T-mode does not use the Radio Link Protocol (RLP).

• Non-transparent transfer mode (NT-mode)

NT-mode adopts RLP. On the basis of forward error correction mechanism provided by the radio interface transmission scheme, messages can be resent if the peer end does not receive the message correctly. In this mode, the throughput varies with the basic transmission quality and transmission delay (the higher the error probability is, the lower the throughput will be). Measured by residual error codes, the transmission quality in the NT-mode is much better than that in the T-mode.

According to service codes, bearer services fall into the following categories:

• Asynchronous circuit bearer services (BS2X)

BTS2X provides asynchronous data transmission at various rates, and supports both 3.1 kHz audio and PAD access. The PLMN can interconnect with the PSPDN with the PSTN/ISDN as the transmission network. The communication between the PLMN and the PSTN can be done only through 3.1 kHz audio, while the communication between the PLMN and the ISDN can be done in various modes including 3.1 kHz audio.

• Basic packet bearer services (BS3X)

BS3X provides full-duplex circuit-switched synchronous data transmission at various rates for data exchange among packet terminals. BS3X supports:

- Communication between mobile subscribers and packet terminals in the PSTN/ISDN

- Access of the PLMN to the access unit (AU) of the PSPDN through the PSTN

- Access of the PLMN to the packet handler (PH) of the PSPDN through the ISDN,or directly to the PSPDN through the PH of the ISDN.

• Dedicated PAD access (BS4X)

BS4X allows a simple terminal to communicate with the X.25 terminals on the PSPDN through dedicated PAD. Compared with BS2X, BS4X does not need the ISDN or PSTN. BS4X only supports mobile originated calls.

• Dedicated packet bearer services (BS5X)

BS5X provides the packet bearer services for which the PLMN directly connects to the PSPDN through the PH. The communication between the MSC and the PH

Supplementary Services

When the MSC  serves as a GMSC, it does not have subscribers, but provides processing when obtaining route information through the HLR if the mobile subscriber subscribes to certain supplementary services such as CFU and CFNRc. When the subscriber has CAMEL subscription data and subscribes to CFU/CFNRc services, the GMSC performs the MOC procedure. A supplementary service modifies or enhances a basic teleservice. A supplementary service must be offered together or in association with a basic teleservice. A supplementary service may be offered by several different teleservices. The M900/M1800 digital cellular mobile switching system provides supplementary

services such as:

• Line identification
• Call forwarding
• Call barring
• Call completion
• Multiparty service
• Community of interest
• Advice of charge
• Unstructured supplementary service

In addition, the MSC  provides self-defined services to meet

customer demands.

Line Identification

Line identification services include CLIP, CLIR, COLP, and COLR.

• Calling line identification presentation (CLIP)

CLIP is a supplementary service provided for the called party. When a mobile subscriber receives a call, the network does not display the calling number.

• Calling line identification restriction (CLIR)

CLIR is a supplementary service provided for the calling party. When a mobile subscriber makes a call, the network does not display the calling number to the called party.

• Connected line identification presentation (COLP)

COLP is a supplementary service provided for the calling party. When a mobile subscriber makes a call, the connected subscriber may not be the called party because the called party activates the call forwarding service. In this case, the network displays the connected number to the calling subscriber.

• Connected line identification restriction (COLR)

COLR is a supplementary service provided for the called party. When a subscriber who signed up for this service receives the call, the network does not display his number to the calling subscriber

Call Forwarding

Call forwarding services include CFU, CFB, CFNRy, and CFNRc.

• Call forwarding unconditional (CFU)

When a mobile subscriber is called, he can forward all calls to a pre-selected third party unconditionally by activating this service. The third party can be a subscriber of the PLMN, PSTN, and ISDN, or service stations such as voice mailbox.

• Call forwarding on mobile subscriber busy (CFB)

When a mobile subscriber is engaged in a call and a new call is coming, the new call is forwarded to a pre-selected third party.

• Call forwarding on mobile subscriber no reply (CFNRy)

When a mobile subscriber is alerted for a long time and does not answer the call, the call is forwarded to a third party after the expiry of no reply timer.

• Call forwarding on mobile subscriber not reachable (CFNRc)

When the radio channel connection between the network and the MS is interrupted, the call to this MS will be forwarded to a third party. The “unreachable” conditions include no response to paging, radio channel assignment failure, and MS power-off.

Call Completion

Call completion services include call waiting (CW) and call hold (HOLD).

• Call waiting (CW)

The CW service permits a mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call (as per basic call procedures) although the traffic channel is unavailable for the incoming call and the mobile subscriber is engaged in an active or held call. Subsequently, the subscriber can accept, reject, or ignore the incoming call.

• Call hold (HOLD)

The HOLD service allows a mobile subscriber to suspend an ongoing call so as to initiate a new call or switch over to another call being held, and then, if desired, resume the call just interrupted. When a call is on hold, the MS temporarily being disconnected will hear prompt tone and music.

Multiparty Service

The multiparty (MPTY) service allows a multi-connection call for mobile subscribers, that is, a simultaneous communication with more than one party. As a prerequisite, mobile subscribers have to register the HOLD service

Community of Interest

The community of interest services include closed user group (CUG) service. A CUG can be a single subscriber or several subscribers with the same attributes. The CUG service allows one subscriber to join different CUGs (a maximum of 10). The CUG service can meet the demands of either small groups of a few members or large organizations with thousands of subscribers. The CUG can use all teleservices except emergency call, short message, dedicated PAD access, and dedicated packet access.

The CUG service has the following options:

• CUG calls only

Subscribers with this function can originate calls to or receive calls from other

members of the same group.

• Incoming calls barred within a CUG (icb)

Subscribers with this function cannot receive calls but can make calls to other

members in the group.

• Outgoing calls barred within a CUG (ocb)

Subscribers with this function cannot originate calls but can receive calls from

other members in the group.

• Incoming and outgoing calls barred within a CUG

Subscribers with this function cannot make calls to or receive calls from other

members in the group.

• CUG with outgoing access (OA)

Subscribers with this function can make calls to subscribers outside this CUG.

• CUG with incoming access (IA)

Subscribers with this function can receive calls from subscribers outside this CUG.

• CUG with IA and OA:

Subscribers with this function can make calls to and receive calls from other

CUGs.

Advice of Charge

The charging supplementary services consist of two services, advice of charge (information) and advice of charge (charging).

• Advice of charge, information (AoCI)

AoCI allows immediate display of charges on the termination of the call. If the subscriber registers the AoCI service, the network sends the charging rate to the MS that automatically calculates and displays the charge amount for each call.

• Advice of charge, charging (AoCC)

In addition to the functions of AoCI, AoCC also supports leased MS service and PPS. These services require the MS to support the Phase 2 standards and a special SIM card.

Call Barring

The call barring services defined in the GSM specifications consists of barring of incoming calls and barring of outgoing calls.

Barring of incoming calls falls into the following two types:

• Barring of all incoming calls (BAIC)

With this service, the calls to a subscriber are barred.

• Barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country

(BIC-Roam)

With this service, the calls to a subscriber are barred when he is roaming outside

his home PLMN country.

Barring of outgoing calls falls into the following three types:

• Barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC)

With this service, all calls made by a subscriber are barred except the emergency

calls.

• Barring of outgoing international calls (BOIC)

With this service, all international calls made by a subscriber are barred.

• Barring of outgoing international calls except those directed to the home PLMN

country (BOIC-exHC)

This barring service allows calls towards a party in the country of subscription.

When the subscriber is roaming in the home PLMN country, calls to subscribers in

other countries are barred. When the subscriber is roaming outside the home

PLMN country, only the calls to subscribers of local country and home country are

allowed.

Unstructured Supplementary Service

Unstructured supplementary service mainly refers to unstructured supplementary service data (USSD). The USSD service provides information to subscribers in the interaction mode. It is implemented in two modes: one is that the GSM network provides information services concerning subscribers; another is that the GSM network is the bearer network and information services are provided by a special information center called “USSD center.” Subscriber can send certain service request to the network by entering supplementary service operation commands on the MS, or the network side initiates USSD commands to perform certain operations. USSD service may be provided by the GSM network, or provided by other networks with the GSM network as the bearer for transparent transmission. The USSD center can provide the following information:

• Flight schedule or other information
• Stock
• Foreign exchange
• Sports news
• Ticket booking
• Bank account

The USSD service can also be used for the query and management of subscriber service data in the mobile network. For example, Subscribers can use the USSD service to manage intelligent services once the

MSC is connected to the WIN.

􀁺 Subscribers can query data in the VLR and HLR (such as the query of the subscriber MSISDN number)

The USSD service facilitates the creation and provisioning of new services

Explicit Call Transfer (ECT)

ECT is a call forwarding service determined by mobile subscribers. The subscriber who has registered the ECT service can temporarily end an ongoing call and originate a new call through the HOLD function. After the new call is successfully connected, thesubscriber can trigger the ECT service to enable the conversation between the party involved in the original call and the called party in the new call. At the same time, he quits the service himself. To implement the ECT service, the mobile subscriber must have subscribed to HOLD service

Operator-Determined Barring

Operator-determined barring (ODB) means that the PLMN operator can regulate the subscriber’s access to certain GSM services. It is fulfilled through management of the data in the HLR. ODB applies to all subscriber services and bearer services except emergency calls. It takes precedence over the supplementary services described previously. When there is a conflict between ODB and a supplementary service, the supplementary service is restricted. ODB is similar to call barring, but different in the following aspects:

Firstly, the service state of ODB subscribers is controlled by the network operator, but for the call barring service, the state can be controlled by either the subscriber or the operator. Secondly, ODB service is activated once it is provided, but call barring service must be activated by the subscriber after being provided.

The MSC supports the following ODB services:

• Barring outgoing calls
• Barring outgoing international calls
• Barring outgoing international calls except those directed to the home PLMN country
• Barring of outgoing calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country
• Barring incoming calls
• Barring incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country
• Barring of roaming outside the home PLMN country
• Barring of outgoing premium rate calls (information)
• Barring of outgoing premium rate calls (entertainment)
• Barring of supplementary services management

Enhanced Multilevel Precedence and Preemption (eMLPP)Service

The enhanced multilevel precedence and preemption (eMLPP) service allows classification of mobile subscribers according to a specific subscriber priority. Precedence means assigning a priority to a point-to-point call, group call, or broadcast call in combination with a fast call setup. Preemption means high priority calls can seize the resources, such as radio channels, which are used by low priority calls, when the network offers no idle resources. The eMLPP service is implemented in the PLMN as a GSM supplementary service according to GSM Recommendations 02.67, 03.67 and 04.67. It is applicable to those subscribers with teleservices 1x, 6x, and all bearer services of the GSM network where the eMLPP service is provided

Self-Defined Supplementary Services

To meet specific customer requirements, the MSC  also provides some self-defined supplementary services, including subscriber roaming area restriction, LA-dependant roaming area restriction, and subscriber roaming restriction.

• Roaming area restriction (through zone code)

Zone code is a kind of subscription data in the HLR. It can be used to restrict the roaming area of the subscriber. The MSC can define the location areas (LAs) contained in each zone code. In this way, the area that allows mobile subscriber roaming can be set flexibly.

• LA-dependant roaming area restriction

The MSC can provide roaming restriction function based on LA without the cooperation of the HLR. For this type of roaming restriction, subscriber group and area number (one area number may correspond to one or more LAs) must be defined first. The relationship between the subscriber group and area number must be defined, so that the area in which roaming is forbidden for this subscriber group can be decided.

• Subscriber roaming restriction (through VLR table)

The VLR table contains a kind of subscription data in the HLR. It defines the roaming area of the subscriber with the unit of VLR area. The MSC enables this roaming restriction with the cooperation of HLR.

Value-Added Services

The MSC  provides location service (LCS).

LCS refers to the location-related services provided for the mobile subscriber by the mobile network operator who determines the geographical location of the mobile station by use of specialized mobile location techniques. The location services locate the mobile terminal to the cell level. LCS finds wide use in different fields, ranging from security to charging and from

information service to tracing management.

LCS benefits the following services:

• Public security services (for example, emergency services and emergency alarm

services)

• Location-based charging and tracing services
• Location-based information services (for example, navigation, sightseeing, broadcast to designated areas, and mobile yellow page)

The MSC  also provides virtual roaming service (VRS). If a subscriber, Mobile V for example, signs up for the VRS, he owns one MSISDN respectively in each network of two countries/regions. The VRS is implemented through a special service procedure: When a subscriber in country/area A calls Mobile V, he only needs to dial mobile V’s MSISDN in the network of country/area A. Likewise, when a subscriber in country/area B calls Mobile V, he only needs to dial Mobile V’s MSISDN in the network of country/region B.